March 27, 2010 / BBC and History Channel: Maybe it is possible to avoid tsunamis, caused by landslides. This was first written in view of the volcano Cumbre Vieja (The Old Peak). The stratovolcano Cumbre Vieja at the Island of La Palma / Canary Islands / Spain had eruptions 1470, 1585, 1646, 1677, 1712, 1949, 1971 and 2021. It is from 22 years up to 115 years between the eruptions at the Cumbre Vieja. Hopefully the side of Cumbre Vieja which lies out towards the Atlantic Ocean, will not be so unstable after the last volcanic eruption, that it risks collapsing, thereby creating a large landslide, which in turn creates a mega tsunami! The latest volcanic eruption was officially between September 19, 2021 and December 25, 2021 / 98 days (Cumbra Vieja became largely calm and quiet on December 13, 2021 / 86 days). During the same period there have been several earthquakes, the largest of which was 5.1 on the Richter magnitude and some of them at a depth of 37km. So now that the Cumbre Vieja has gone extinct / silenced after its latest eruption, earthquakes will pose the greatest threat of landslides for at least a few decades (this until Cumbre Vieja comes back to life)!
I think that even now they should look at different opportunities, to avoid mega-tsunamis created by landslides. It would create much-needed valuable time, that would be quite important. They burst avalanches of different kinds to prevent disasters. They spend time and money to study with satellites / telescopes, how to avoid future potentially devastating collisions / crashes on Earth from asteroids, comets, meteorites and other celestial objects (June 30, 1908, Tunguska / Siberia/ Russia). At a speed of 22,530 kilometers per hour, Nasa's spacecraft Dart (Double astreoid redirection test) on September 27, 2022 successfully managed to get the astreoid Dimorphos, to change to a smaller and faster orbit around the astroid Didymos. Darts shortened the orbit from 11 hours and 55 minutes to 11 hours and 23 minutes (Dart had by then traveled about 11 million km). Celestial objects is the greatest threat on Earth. There are many places on earth, where meteors have made a deep impression.
Perhaps it is a good insurence and it should cost less than the damage that even some small tsunamis make. It can save millions of lives, billions of euro / dollar, buildings, constructions, culture, environment, infrastructure, nature, years of rebuilding and more. Not to mention the vital parts of societies that are collapsing, due to overcrowding and an extremely large number of refugees (communities in total chaos). Of course, they have to weigh the coasts against each other, before starting any work to prevent a possible landslide. Through history it have exist many great expensive engineering projects of different kind all over the world. My suggestion may not be the solution, but a solution should be found to eliminate the threat!
Experts and scientist said that the worst and largest tsunami killer waves striked on the east side of the Atlantic Ocean the coast of West Sahara / Morocco in less than an hour. Then Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland, United Kingdom up through the English Channel, Belgium, Netherland, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Faeroes Islands up to Iceland and on the west side of the Atlantic Ocean from Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Caribbean Islands, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, United States, Canada up to Greenland (The Caribbean Countries are Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago). The tsunami can strike islands and peninsulas on two to three sides, which can be the more devastating and fatal the narrower and / or smaller they are. It takes nine hours for the tsunami to reach U.S.A. at the speed of a jet aircraft (1.000km/h). That is not possible to evacuate all in that time. The tsunami could be higher than many skyscrapers in the world and travel up to 7.24km in land. At the four levels of the Imamura scale, are the highest 30 meter high waves / more than 500km destructions of coasts over distance / pressure of 100 tonnes per km³.
Tsunami and volcano experts Bill McGuire and Dr. Simon Day / Benfield Grieg Hazards Research Centre and Dr. Steven N Ward / University of California showed / told that Cumbre Vieja, would have a eruption that was so intensive that some sides collapsed out in the Atlantic Ocean (500km³ of material ejected / 25km long / 15km wide / 2km high / 500 billion tonnes slide block). That was the worst-case scenario! Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activities.
But nobody knows when or if it makes the tsunami that could be the worst natural disaster in modern time. Dr. Simon Day said "Eruptions of the Cumbre Vieja occur at intervals of decades to a century or so and there may be a number of eruptions before it collapse. Although the year-to-year probability of a collapse is therefore low, the resulting tsunami would be a major disaster with indirect effects around the world”.
So Bill McGuire, Dr. Simon Day and Dr. Steven N Ward all agrees with each other, that a future volcanic eruption of Cumbre Vieja, will cause a powerful landslide, which in turn will lead to a megatsunami. We should be very grateful for this warning, which could be the greatest natural disaster in human history! For every earthquake around Cumbre Vieja and every time Cumbre Vieja has a volcanic eruption, the probability of a massive landslide increases with a subsequent monstertsunami. A powerful earthquake or many smaller earthquakes, can be as dangerous as a powerful volcanic eruption, to trigger a landslide. The probability of a collapse, landslide and tsunami is greatest if the lava / manga squirts out of the top of the volcano, less likely if the lava makes its way through cracks. If there is a very high risk of a collapse, landslide and tsunami, it would be best to start preventive work directly in connection with a completed volcanic eruption.
Tsunami Modeling Expert Eric Geist said "Tsunamis generated from landslides attenuate / lessen much faster as they travel across the ocean than earthquake landslides. The physical process responsible for this attenuation is called frequency dispersion, which is greater for landslides tsunamis. Therefore, although landslide tsunamis can travel trans-oceanic distances, they are much less likely to be destructive at these distances than earthquake tsunamis".
Scientists have a few years ago, found evidence of a landslide in Norway during the Stone Age (before 1.800 B. C.). The landslide was so great that it created the English Channel and therefore separated Great Britain from the European mainland (the 34km wide limestone ridge Doggerland / Dover Channel / Sothern England). They have been able to read the events in the limestone, as well as they can read different events in the annual rings on trees. It has happend at least eight major disasters of this type, since the Stone Age. And it seems that mega-tsunamis, have been the most devastating natural disasters since the Stone Age (tsunami / the waves that destroy the harbor).
It had happened before through history that volcano eruptions had made mega / monster tsunamis (volcano eruption / Thera / the city Akrotiri - Atlantis?), ( the Island of Santorini / Greece / 1613 - 1550 B. C.), (15-250 meters high, ash and dust were thrown 40km up in the air, 83km³ of material was ejected / travelled up to 200 meters in land), (volcano eruption / Strapoli / Napoli - Naples / Italy / 1343), (volcano eruption / Unzen / Japan / 1792 / ≥ 27.000 dead / 25 meters high), (volcano eruption / Mauna Loa / Hawaiian Islands / 1868 / 77 dead / 20 meters high), (volcano eruptions / Krakatau - Krakatoa - Rakuta / Indonesia / 416 and 1883 / ≥ 36.417 dead / 40 meters high / ash and dust were thrown 35km up in the air / the sound was clearly heard more than 4.800km away and is the largest ever heard), (earthquake / Meiji-Sanriku / Japan / 1896 / ≥ 22.000 dead / 38.2 meters high), (volcano eruption / Kavachi / Solomon Islands / 1951 / 52 dead / 12 meters high) and the Canary Island volcanoes to.
It is from 13 years, up to 1.376 years between these tsunamis as we know about, and 71 years since the last tsunami caused by a landslide. But all this deaths are not only caused by the tsunamis, but also in some cases hot and poisonous gases. Pyroclastic flows can travel for 700km/h, even above the water surface, due the heat up to 1.100 degress. There are two types of volcano eruptions (gray ash volcano eruption and red lava volcano eruption). Volcanoes that often have explosive eruptions are called gray ash volcano, because the ash clouds they produce look gray. Most gray ash volcanoes are in subduction zones, especielly around the Ring of Fire (Pacific Ocean). The opposite is eruptions, when glowing, hot, liquid lava / magma erupts from a volcano onto Earth´s Surface (the lava has an average temperature of 1.000 degrees). If there is pressure inside the volcano, the lava may squirts up into the air like a fountain. If there is less pressure, the lava may flow out of the volcano´s opening / vent, or seep out of a crack / fissure in the ground.
This is the second single biggest threat on Earth. It has almost certainly happened devastating landslides more frequently than we know about in the History of Earth. And it surely will happen sometime in the future, but it is impossible to say how, when and / or where. But in the future, we have the climate change / global warming as an increasing threat and its impact on natural disasters to take into account. Climate change is taking place at an increaseingly rapid and negative rate. The weather forces such as cold, cyclone, drought, flood, hail, heat, hurricane, permafrost, rain, snow, storm, typhoon, wave and wind can affect stability and strenght. Ice that expand, freez, melt, press, undermine can also increase the possibilities for landslides (cavities and cracks). The more water freezes to ice and expand, the more water can penetrate deeper, wich in turn freezes to ice and expands.
We could follow on TV, when a part of a side at the stratovolcano Mount Saint Helens in The State of Washington collapsed in a volcano eruption May 18, 1980 / ash and dust were thrown 28km up in the air, 400 altitude meters of the peak disappeared, destroyed 600km² of forest, the blast had a speed of 900km/h and 57 people died (it is the largest landslide in modern time / 3km³). Volcanic eruptions represent 4.6% of the tsunamis generated and 9.1% of deaths. The highest tsunami ever in modern time where in Alaska, July 9, 1958 / only 2 dead and was 30,5 meters high / maximum elevation was 524 meters high (1854 / 120 meter, 1899 / 61 meter and 1936 / 150 meter). It is from 22 years up to 45 years between these earthquakes, and 64 years since the last earthquake at Lituya Bay. That was an 7.9 Richter magnitude earthquake landslide that caused 30 million km³ / 90 million tons of rock and ice to fall into the narrow inlet of Lituya Bay. The impact was heard 80km away.
We have all seen how devastating even smaller tsunamis can be. Like the recent up to 40 meters high tsunami in Japan (March 11, 2011 / 9 on the Richter magnitude / ≥ 19.300 dead / 163.710 persons live in temporary camps / travelled up to 10km in land / 45.866 buildings destroyed / ≥ 3 years to clean and clear the coastline / ≥ 28.29 million tonnes of garbage / ≥ 100 years to clean up The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant at Okuma / cost 129 billion € ≥ 656 billion € + 33.730 billion € from the Japan Government).
There are more than 1.500 active volcanoes on our planet, and about 50 of them have eruptions a year. The most violent volcanic eruption in the last 10.000 years, is probably the volcano Mountain Samalas / the Island of Lombok / Indonesia / 1257 / ash and dust were thrown 45km up in the air (eruption pillar) / travelled up to 350km in land / pyroclastic flow trawelled for 200km/h / 800 degress. Today, only a large caldera testifies to the large volcanic eruption (when a volcano collapse to a crater / sinkhole). Their is about 10.000 landslides per year on earth. It also exist other similar "time-bomb" stratovolcanoes that can make terrible mega-tsunamis (the volcano Kilauea / Hawaiian Islands). These volcanoes can also be more unstable after an earthquake.
These powerful volcanic eruptions bring about global volcanic winter / years without summer, and shuts out most of the sunlight between 2 and 5 years. The average temparature drops and causes malnutrition and starvation (Hekla / Iceland / 1159 B. C.), (Ilopango / El Salvador / 535 or 536), (Paektu Mountain / China – North Korea / 945 or 946), (Mountain Samalas / Indonesia / 1257), (Mount Tarawera / New Zealand / 1315 or 1317), (Kuwae / Tongoa Islands - Vanuatu / 1452 or 1453), (Huaynaputina / Peru / 1600), (Laki / Iceland / 1783), (Mount Tambora / Indonesia / 1815), (Krakatau - Krakatoa - Rakuta / 1883), (Mount Pinatubo / Philippine / 1991). Earthquakes can occur from the earth's surface down to a depth of about 800 kilometers. The strength of an earthquake decreases with distance, so that an earthquake at a depth of 500 kilometres is significantly weaker than a earthquake at a depth of 20 kilometres. The deeper an earthquake lies, the less vibration the earthquake triggers. However, the deeper an earthquake lies, the longer the tremor can be heard as a blurry rumbling.
On mountains that is not composed of hard volcanic lava rock, they can use giant machines to mining such as bulldozers, cranes, excavators and trucks. They can let Giant Bucket Wheel Excavators to dig away the mountainside, and through the material on conveyorbelts, that leads the material in to the sea. Try to find as flat surfaces as possible as work area / platforms along the volcano, or create / expand them at different levels from top to bottom. But future technology and tools will likely facilitate and improve, how best to prevent landslides which risks creating mega-tsunamis. For example, cut out transportable pieces off the hard volcanic lava rock with giant saw blades, burn, cut and / or melt it off with a laser beam, or build a resilient barrier of some kind.
For example build a barrier towards the avalanche / landslide and not the tsunami. Make filling of bricks, clay, concrete blocks, gravel, pipes, sand, soil, stones, end-of-life vessels or other material requires great recorces and it must withstand enormous pressure that a landslide causes (suction from the bottom of the sea?). The amount of filling depends on the possible height, lenght, volume, weight, width of the landslide and the depths of the sea. If possible, they can try to pump out all the water from bay, lake or something similar (artificial made).
Perhaps it should be better to burst the volcano wall step by step like a stair in a quadratic / cubic system (if the lava stone is too hard to dig in). Probably the best way to place / detonate the explosive material is to either put out, drop, shoot from drones or if possible from driverless vehicles. Then it falls in small parts nearby / out in the sea closer to the coast. The bursts should be as big as possible, but not so big that they do any damages or harm. Of course they need to evacuate / scare away so many animals as possible, but not in breeding season.
If that is possible it maybe also make the island larger out in the sea, less deep nearby the coastline, and the tsunami smaller and smaller in size. Maybe they do not need to burst the whole wall, only until it is almost horizontal. That is important that the material falls down in the sea, instead for moving it to other places. Otherwise they have the same problem in the future after some eruptions. Expending the island artificially, that can withstand the possible pressures can laps difficult due to depth and ocean currents.
The human made explosions are nothing compared to the energy / power from a volcano eruption. It is when the tension is stretched to the side of the tectonic plates underground, as volcanic eruptions trigger a time after earthquakes. There is no intentions to cause / launch a possible landslide, than an upcoming earthquake or volcanic eruption will do from below over a larger area (but explosions will cause tremors / vibrations which propaplant downwards, into the ground). It is sad to say, but sometimes they compare the strength of a volcanic eruption with a number of Hiroshima nuclear bombs (Little Boy / 15 kilotons of TNT / 63TJ).
It is not as easy as it sounds, but it is at least a long-time controllable turn down. Experiment first with a 3-dimension computer model, 3-dimension printing model and calculation. After that experiment with a stratovolcano that is in an area far away from population and water (Iceland?). They can also see how much the blasting affect at the volcano base, even if it is not 100% optimal. Residents of the possibly vulnerable stretches of coastline will feel more confident if they can follow progress on a monthly basis. But at the start progress will not be very visible, but as time goes on progress will become more and more visible. They can among other things show diagrams, numbers, pictures of how the possible tsunami's progress decreases in height, length, width and thus which coastlines / land areas are no longer threatened. It can also be shown among other things, how the Cumbre Vieja volcano decreases in height, length, volume, weight, width, how the sea depth decreases, how the coastline increases in length and width 3-dimensional.
Just off the island, they can have an old obsolete aircraft carrier or two / on each side of the object, as a working platform and as a fully functional society (facilities as auditorium, bathroom, bedroom, boiler room, conference room, control room, dentist, dinning room, fire station, fitness, garage, grocery store, gym, hospital, kitchen, laundry, living room, post office, runway, sauna, store room, study room, waste room, workshop with more). It is very important that workers / crews on one of the aircraft carriers, work separately from the workers of the other aircraft carrier. This in case there is any contagious disease on one aircraft carrier. It is also very important to have enough crew, equipment, fuel, materials, machinery, spare parts, tools and vehicles, in case something unexpected happens. So that the work can continue 24-7, without any operational disruptions. They can also use end-of-life barges, helicopters and landing crafts.
January 9, 2017 / Animal Planet: Lot of animals can hear infrasound and some of them have the ability to predict natural disasters, such as avalanches, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Although animals have never ever experienced a volcanic eruption, they escape and seek shelter when the hear the infrasound from a upcoming eruption. The animals have with their own past experiences and / or for generations gaind knowledge in interpreting different dangers from others, whitout there being any kind of interupting in learning.
At the disaster in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004, some elephants in Thailand escape to safer places when they heard the infrasound of the tsunami, even though they probably never experienced that type of natural disaster (but in Sri Lanka some elephants did not escape). This means that there must be a connection in the intensity and rhythm of natural disasters infrasound, which makes the animals aware of the danger. It must be possible to measure the intensity and rhythm of the infrasound, with infrasound detectors. They measures for example if it is an earthquake, or if it is a human influence like a nuclear bomb blast. Mayby it is for example so that the intensity and rhythm becomes more smooth gradually as it increases. The more wild animals runs in panic, the more smooth the intensity and rhythm becoms (each animal's sound, together with the sounds of the many other animals, becomes a common even sound).They can measure the intensity and rhythm of the infrasound, on the strength of the various natural disasters (such as on the Richter scale in earthquakes).
If so, they can assemble a large number of infrasound detectors in exposed areas, which are connected with a warning system of light, sound and to the internet / satellites (detectors activateds and warns at a certain intensity and rhythm of the infrasound). Thus, one can increase the likelihood of locating earthquakes epi-center, how big it gets over the Richter magnitude / scale and over the surface area it reaches. It would create a greater sence of security and when necessary, people and their pets can try to reach safer places. Little time is better, than no time at all! Even a few minutes can save lives and minimize the number of life that gets injured (if possible, seek protection!). Small portable shock-resistant infrasound detectors can be used by humans in general, with a intense flashing red light, loud sound and vibrating. The smartphone would be perfect for containing an infrasound detector, as it's something many people around the world have (a smartphone contains both microphone and speaker). After a powerful earthquake, it should be easy to change / regulate the sensitivity of the infrasound unit, so that it records the infrasound on small aftershocks (less intensity and rhythm). This is because there is a high risk that bridges, buildings, caves,cliffs, mines, monuments, tunnels, walls and much more are at risk of collapsing due to aftershocks.
To test my suggestion they can mount infrasound detectors, in areas that often are exposed to earthquakes
(maybe Japan, which has about 100.000 earthquakes per year or Taiwan, which has abour 30.000 earthquakes per year). It could also be used to predict for example aftershocks, avalanches, landslides and volcanic eruptions, in a earlier occured than what they can do today. It is no need for infrasound detectors in the case of tsunamis at long distance and time, where it is already a existing warning system. But for tsunamis that arise at short distances and where time is short, it is different (close / near land).
Since I wrote to UNISDR / Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction I have seen BBC documentaries that have been produced after January 9 , 2017, how scientists at Vesuvius / Italy and Nyriragongo / Kongo, has tested my idea with infrasound detectors to predict volcanic eruptions.
March 20, 2017 / BBC:
I was shocked that about 80% of the Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) were run over by vehicles, thought exhausted, stuck in garbage and tidel wells. It is natural that predators kill the turtles, but that our habitat kills so many of them is sad.
My suggestion to help the turtles to better see the moon and its light reflected in the sea water, is setting up dark windshields in textile during the period when the egg hatches. The windshields must have flaps at the botton on both sides, where sand is laid. To hold the flaps up until they have set the windshields, they should use long-range buttons. They should not use velcro straps, zippers or buttons that are clipped together, because sand, wind and salt sea water. They let every windshield patch over the next windshield by a few meters, so no light is visible (light pollution). Between the windshields it can be a distance of a few meters so people, animals and if necessary vehicles can pass. The closer the eggs they put the windshields, the lower they need to be.
It was not said in the program where these turtles laid their eggs. Unforturately, we will increasingly help animals, plants and nature, trying to recreate parts their habitat in the future, due to climate change / global warming. (including sheilding light / sound and reproducing light / sound).
October 4, 2016 / Guided tour down in Limhamn's limestone quarry: Limhamns old limestone quarry in Malmö is a protected area, 1.300 meters long, 800 meters wide, 65 meters deep and there is a virtually darkness. In the limestone quarry lives a Green toad (Bufote viridis), one of Swedens most endangered vertebrates. The toads dies when they get up and down the cliffs, run over by vehicles or drown in swimmingpool seeking to the illuminated settlement.
My suggestion is that they are setting up solar cell lamps, whit the light directed downwards, strategically at the toads place of residance. The lamps should have a custom height, brightness and visible from the entire surrondings of the toads.
In the limestone quarry Peregrine falcons (Falco pelegrinus) have stopped hedging on the top of a high concrete silos, due disappearence of monotonous vehicle sound, according to experts / scientists.
My suggestion is to record the monotonous sound from vehicles on the nearby Øresund / Öresund Bridge (between Malmö / Sweden and the Danish capital Copenhagen / København). There is a nesting falcon couple on one of the bushels, where they can get a wide range of monotonous sound from vehicles. They can know for sure that this monotonous sound is popular with nesting falcon couples entire living environment. Then they can play it at a moderately high level of sound on the top of the high concrete silos, whitout interfering with the environment. They can connect the unit to solar panels, which are connected to waterproof batteries.
May 31, 2017 / BBC: My suggestion to help the vallaby (Macropodidae) Neil and other orphan animal children who feel stress in absence of physical contact, is letting them feel and hear the heart rhythm and sound from a mother in a calm, relaxed an quiet state of the same kind as themeselves (heart rhythm can be distinguished between different species). When parents hold their child in their arms, the child usually turns her / his head and puts her / his ear to the parent's chest, so they can hear the parent's heart beating. Parents who cannot hold their child in their arms, there quite often the child lays with their head to the parent's heart when and if possible.
My suggestion is very simple and builds on the same principles as children´s play / sound mats (for the larger animals). They can record the normal heart sounds from animal mothers and play it inside or underneath the blankets, mattresses, pillows, sheets, quilts or teddys / soft toys which the animal children are using (activated as touch). For example, they can place and spread out a larger number of units in a blanket or mattress, if there are several animal children. It is very important that the speaker unit is safe, so the child does not get hurt or die. The child should not risk suffocating and / or getting to the battery (the battery should be completely enclosed, unbreakable and waterproof). This would increase the safety and survival chances for the orphan animal children. This is also something that could be used for a human baby, who needs to hear the mother´s heart sound (lying dormant or sleeping in cradle, crib, incubator or stroller!). It is not necessarily only orphans who need greater security, but also children who are abandoned / rejected by their mother in whole or in part.
They can test individuals if they have a better, calmer and safer sleep, when they hear heart sounds from a fellow species. During deep sleep, the body recovers physically and it is very important for the immune system that the body gets its deep sleep, otherwise they become easily susceptible to diseases. Deep sleep accounts for 10%-15% of the total amount of sleep and during this stage most of the central nervous system recovery occurs.
June 15, 2017 / Metro News: RFSL Sweden (National Association for the Equivalence of Gender and Sexual Identities) and others, are using the abbreviation HBTQIA for homosexual, bisexual, transsexual, queer, intersexual and asexual.
My suggestion is that they can change the abbreviation, so it becomes easier to pronounce. For example it is easier to say HIT BAQ (hit back), when talking about associations, certifications, groups, organizations, people and rights. It is at least important that they for example not get a mute H, because each letter in the abbreviation is important for them all. If they want to expand with new leters, they can create a new name / word that is easy to pronounce. Or you can always call them rainbow people.
It might mean a lot, if they show how creative many hit baq people are. Rainbow people who have made a big impression in fashion, film, literatur, music and more. From percentage point of view / per capita, it seems that there are a lot of creative Hit Baq people in the cultural environment. What would the world be without all these people?!
Homosexual (Red stripe)
Intersexual (Orange stripe)
Transsexual (Yellow stripe)
Bisexual (Green stripe)
Asexual (Blue stripe)
Queer (Purple stripe)
April 10, 2019 / Netflix / Sir. David Attenborough: I saw a shorter feature about the climates impact an animals and nature. The element was about a colony of walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) in Russia / North Artic Ocean, which had too little space as to the number they were. Therefore, some walruses were forced to climb up the rocks, up to 80 meters. But because of their poor eyesight, they misjudged the situation and met death when the were falling / going down. They can also fall on other walruses that can get hurt or die.
My suggestion is that Russian authorities anchore a number of end-of-life barges, which are adapted to their needs (such as ramps, so that the walruses can get up and down). They can also expand the shore stripe and / or place out artificial floating ice floas / islands. This could also be used elsewhere, to help other animals such as seals.
November 30, 2020 / Environmental assessment / Lynetteholm or Lynetteholmen / the Danish capital Copenhagen / København: I think it will be cheaper and also better for the environment in the long-term, to transport the surplus soil from constructions in Copenhagen area through one or more pipes / tunnels with conveyer belts, under water from Nordhavn to the 3km² artificial peninsula Lynetteholm / Lynetteholmen.
The minig sector has technology and knowledge such as deliverytime, energy consumption, maintenance, price and other. Perhaps this is a new way of building a peninsula in an urban environment and a new market for those who sell equipment to the mining sector? Pipes can be dug up from the sea-bound and moved as work progresses.
If it is deep enough, the pipes can lie directly on top of the sea-bound. The pipes can be built on and shortened as needed, also up on Lynetteholm.
The pipes must be soundproofed due to animals in the water / on land and to people who live / work on Lynetteholm, Nordhavn and Refshaleøen. It is very important to minimize the mechanical noise as much as possible, for the sake of the environment.
The first part of the conveyor belt is placed horizontally on the quay or along the top part of the quayside in Nordhavn. This allows several trucks to emptying the load / tipping the soil on the conveyor belt at the same time so that no queue is formed. Along the quay, concrete foundations are placed, making it impossible for trucks to drive in the water / on the conveyor belt. Facilities with first aid equipment, lunchrooms, toiletts, vending machines with food and cold / hot drinks and other are built next to the conveyor belt.
If possible the last part of the conveyor belt should be placed as close to the water edge, to begin filling directly into the water. The last part of the conveyor belt has a certain amount of gradient and is right upwards, so that a heap of soil is formed gradually (80-10 million tonnes of soil).
Large bulldozers, excavators and trucks receive the soil and gradually make the filling at Lynetteholm. It makes it possible to work undisturbed around the clock / 24-7, as there always is access to soil. This makes the work more efficient and time-saving with the filling of Lynetteholm.
Affect sailing and the large cruise ships less, affect smaller number of animals and people, minor damage / wear and tear on buildings and infrastructure, less air pollutants, less congestion, less diesel, gas and gasolin consumtion, less number of trucks stationary with idle, less stolen, less traffic accidents, less transport time with trucks, less truck traffic trough Christianshavn, Refshaleøen and parts of Amager.
Boats and barges may not be necessary to sail the soil, but perhaps initially with equipment, material and workers? Maybe the opening bridge is not necessary either? Opportunities for where it is best to start to filling the soil is perhaps also greater? Perhaps the coastel green area or the next part of Refshaleøen to Nordhavn? Then it can gradually be worked on the filling towards Refshaleøen, so that it becomes a connection to the roads. Or maybe it is best to start with the filling, in connection with Refshaleøen? When and if conveyor belts / pipes need to be maintained, moved or stationary due to errors, then there is the alternative to transport the soil through Christianshavn and Refshaleøen. Or that the trucks temporarily fill the depot in Nordhavn with soil?
August 13, 2021 / Temparatur-dependent sex determination: I watched on television a programme on the problems with to hot sand, and the unbalanced gender quotas for sea turtles (Bastard Cardet turtle / Caretta caretta on the beach in Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Ostional in Costa Rica, Green Sea turtle / Cheloni mydas on Raine Island in the Pacific Ocean and sea turtles at Cape Verde Island). The sand can also become so hot, that it has deadly consequences for the turtle cubs when they lie in their eggs (that can even happen in the future, where the eggs are in shade).
According to the U.S. National Agency for Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / NOAA, the heat teases sea turtles in Florida. Climate change is causing a lot of problems, but one of the arguably more unrewarded ones is the one that the sea turtles in Florida are now challenged by. There are almost only female turtles, that is hatched on the beaches in Florida.
When a female turtle digs a nest on a beach, it is for most turtles the temperature of the sand that determines the sex of the cubs that is hatched. The temperatures determines whether females or males hatch, but should be between 27-32 degress. According to statistics, it is most likely to be females if the eggs have a temperature above 31 degress and males if the eggs have a temperature below 27.7 degress, in between there will be mixed sex on the turtle cups.
Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), where the temperature of the embryo’s environment influences its sex development, is a widespread non-genetic process of sex determination among vertebrates, including reptiles. All crocodilians, most turtles, many fish, and some lizards exhibit TSD. One cause of TSD is the enzyme aromatase.
My suggestion is to put a waterproof cylinder-shaped tube in desired diameter and length around the approximately hundred eggs in the sand (the tubes must be of such a large diameter so that the sea turtle cubs can crawl obliquely upwards). The tubes should have been insulated with technology that cools the sand to a desired temparature, such as 29 degress for mixed sex or below 28 degress for male.
That works much like a round garden / party thermostat-controlled refrigerator, for chilled beverages in aluminium can and glas bottle. Whit the help of pre-selected temperatures, they can control whether it should be female, male or mixed sex. The tubes must be hollow throughout, so that rainwater and seawater can flow through, so the turtle cubs don´t drow (like a barrel without lid / top and bottom). The electricity supply of the tubes, can be supplied by solar panels which are connected to waterproof batteries and / or windenergy. It is very important that the sea turtle babies cannot see the solar panels! This is so that it will not be possible for them to lose themselves to artificial light reflected in the solar panels, instead of the natural light from the moon and sun.
Experts and scientists can as the years go by, determine how many of the eggs who needs to enclose by the refrigerator tube. It is crucial what proportion of males are born / hatched, in order for the sea turtles to survive as a species. As the years go byt hey can reduce the percentage of refrigerator pipes that need to be placed in the sand. The eggs that they wish to be born / hatched as females, do not need to be enclosed by a refrigerator tube.
When the female turtles become sexually mature at 10-15 years of age, they return to the same beach on which they hatched / were born to lay their eggs (some sea turtles can live up to 50 years or more). Earth’s magnetic field helps the female turtles find the beach they hatched / were born on. They lay their eggs only 10-20 meters from where their mother laid their eggs. The hatching is depending on various variables such as temparatures and the depth of the nest (days for eggs to hatch for Leatherback Turtles eggs / 70-80 days, Green Turtles and Loggerhead Turtles eggs / 45-55 days).
If there is a risk that these beaches to which the turtle females return will disappear / be distroyed in the future or when the are too many egg-laying females gathering on the same beach, is it then possible to move the eggs to another beach? Then perhaps the turtle cubs that hatch / are born on a different beach than the one their mother laid the eggs on, would return to the new beach when they grow up and should lay their eggs?
It is only one of thousand sea turtles who reach adulthood. In some populations are 84% females born, only 16% are born male. In some populations up to 95% of the sea turtles have disappeared since the end of 20st century, including the largest sea turtle / Leatherback turtle. Unfortunately, there is no longer a healthy balance between the sex of sea turtles. Future computer simulations show that 99%-100% of the turtle cubs hatched in the pits, are female due to climate change. For female sea turtles who want to find a male to mate with, it becomes more and more like finding the needle in the haystack!
Perhaps this solutions can help other species, which have similar problems those turtles have (temparature-controlled cooled plates underneath the eggs and hollow boxes around the eggs with built-in cooling). In the future, even beaches where balanced gender quotas currently work, may have an unbalanced gender rationing among the seven species of sea turtles. The biggest challenge is the animal species, which are the most difficult to reach when laying eggs. Time is very short, to save some species of sea turtles or all species of sea turtles!
Unfortunately, we will increasingly have to find solutions to help animals, plants and nature in the future, due to climate change / global warming (to help / teach them to adapt to new environment / living conditions). Threats to marine sea turtles are also adult sea turtles, fishing gear, for use in traditional medicine, habitat destruction, hatchling, hunted for food, marine debris, poaching of eggs, sold as artifacts and jewelry. According to Arizona State University it has in 30 years, been killed more than 1.1 million sea turtles, including hundreds of thousands of specimens of the highly endangered Green Turtle and the critically endangered Hawksbill Turtle. Around 44,000 sea turtles are killed annually, despite the laws put in place to protect them (maybe more). The seven species of sea turtles are Flatback Turtle (Natator depressus), Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), Kemp's Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii), Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta Caretta) and Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). Sea turtles are ancient species, and have existed about 110 million years.
The world is heading for global warming of 2.7 degrees by the end of the century, according to a United Nations report. The U.N. report outlines a review of the goals of the 191 parties to the Paris Agreement that show a 16 percent increase in emissions from 2010 to 2030. To reach the 1.5 degree warming target, a 45% reduction in emissions would be required. The temperature differences affected by climate change differ across the globe. In some places, the heat has risen more than in other places.
Benno
info@prevent-tsunamis.com
